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Copyright Notices

<h1>Copyright Notices<&sol;h1>&NewLine;<p>You see them everywhere from TV shows&comma; to books&comma; to movies&comma; to song lyrics&period; Virtually any time you&&num;8217&semi;re dealing with something that someone else created&comma; you&&num;8217&semi;re going to see a copyright notice&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>If you want to protect your rights &&num;8212&semi; or make sure that you don&&num;8217&semi;t violate anyone else&&num;8217&semi;s rights &&num;8212&semi; you need to know exactly how copyright notices work&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<h2>First and foremost&comma; what exactly is a copyright&quest;<&sol;h2>&NewLine;<p>In the US&comma; a copyright is a right that dates all the way back to the Constitution&period; Specifically&comma; in Article I&comma; Section 8&comma; Clause 8&comma; Congress is given the power to &&num;8220&semi;<em>promote the progress of science and useful arts&comma; by securing for limited time to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries&period;<&sol;em>&&num;8221&semi;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>In other words&comma; the author of a work gets to exclusively sell his work for a limited time&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>Copyright protection has been bolstered by the federal laws that have been created since&period; Now&comma; copyright owners get to decide exactly how their works are used and distributed&period; Copyright laws are designed to protect the original author of intellectual property &&num;8212&semi; like art&comma; poetry&comma; songs&comma; movies&comma; and even computer software&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>Contrary to popular belief&comma; things like inventions&comma; designs for a specific product&comma; and company slogans <strong>do not fall under copyright protection<&sol;strong>&period; Instead&comma; those things are protected by patents and trademarks&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>You&&num;8217&semi;re not required to formally register your copyright whenever you create new intellectual property&period; Your rights as the owner <strong>automatically<&sol;strong> go into effect the moment your intellectual property is created&comma; even if you haven&&num;8217&semi;t published it yet&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>However&comma; if you do want to formally register with the US Copyright Office you&&num;8217&semi; ll have to fill out a quick form&comma; pay a one-time fee&comma; and provide a deposit of the work being registered&period; You&&num;8217&semi;ll get a certificate that lists several details&comma; including&colon;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<ul>&NewLine;<li>The title of the copyrighted work<&sol;li>&NewLine;<li>The author of the work<&sol;li>&NewLine;<li>The name and address of the official copyright owner<&sol;li>&NewLine;<li>The year the work was created<&sol;li>&NewLine;<li>Some status information about the work&comma; such as if it contains information that previously registered&comma; or if the work is unpublished<&sol;li>&NewLine;<&sol;ul>&NewLine;<p><strong>But what if you and a friend write a book together&quest; Who gets the copyright protection&quest;<&sol;strong><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><strong>Both of you&period;<&sol;strong><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>The two of you are considered joint authors under US law&comma; so you would both have full copyright protection for the entire book&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>Or&comma; if you and a group of people each write one chapter to create a big book&comma; you&&num;8217&semi;ll each have copyright protection for the individual chapter that you wrote&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>Fortunately&comma; the US has copyright relations with dozens of different countries&period; As a result&comma; you&&num;8217&semi;ll have full copyright protection in any of these countries no matter how many people may have collaborated on the work&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<h2>Why is Copyright Protection so important&quest;<&sol;h2>&NewLine;<p>Ever since the days of the American Revolution&comma; lawmakers have agreed that copyright protection is a good safety net of sorts for creators&period; Since they know their work isn&&num;8217&semi;t going to be stolen&comma; people are more willing to create wonderfully artistic things and share them with the public&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>Plus&comma; with this protection intact&comma; creators can be compensated for their work&period; Without a copyright&comma; anyone could come along&comma; copy the work&comma; and profit from it&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<h2>What is a Copyright Notice&quest;<&sol;h2>&NewLine;<p>It&&num;8217&semi;s a written statement that&&num;8217&semi;s placed on copies and phonorecords of a work&period; It informs the public that the copyright owner of this particular work is officially claiming ownership of it&period; Unlike other notices and disclaimers&comma; this one is very easy to write because there isn&&num;8217&semi;t much to it&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>In order to create a proper copyright notice&comma; you need to have these <strong>4 things<&sol;strong>&colon;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<ol>&NewLine;<li style&equals;"list-style-type&colon; none&semi;">&NewLine;<ol>&NewLine;<li><strong>A symbol<&sol;strong>A copyright notice starts with a symbol&comma; and there are a couple of different ones that you can use&period; The most common is the copyright symbol&colon;&NewLine;<p><img class&equals;"img-responsive" src&equals;"https&colon;&sol;&sol;www&period;disclaimergenerator&period;net&sol;copyright-notices&sol;copyright-c-symbol&period;jpg" alt&equals;"Copyright C symbol" &sol;><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>However&comma; you can also use the full word &&num;8220&semi;Copyright&&num;8221&semi; or the abbreviation &&num;8220&semi;Copr&period;&&num;8221&semi;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>If your work is an audio recording&comma; the copyright symbol has a P in it instead of a C&period; That&&num;8217&semi;s because these works are classified as phonograms&colon;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><img class&equals;"img-responsive" src&equals;"https&colon;&sol;&sol;www&period;disclaimergenerator&period;net&sol;copyright-notices&sol;copyright-p-symbol&period;jpg" alt&equals;"Copyright P symbol" &sol;><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>Even though the symbol is different&comma; a phonogram copyright comes with all of the same protection that a traditional copyright does&period;<&sol;li>&NewLine;<li><strong>A date<&sol;strong>The year listed in a copyright notice can either be the year that the work was created &lpar;if it&&num;8217&semi;s still unpublished&rpar;&comma; or the year that the work was actually published&period; In either event&comma; full copyright protection applies&period; Also&comma; the year can be listed in numerical form &lpar;ex&colon; &&num;8220&semi;2017&&num;8221&semi;&rpar; or in Roman numeral form &lpar;ex&colon; &&num;8220&semi;MMXVII&&num;8221&semi;&rpar;&period;<&sol;li>&NewLine;<li><strong>An owner<&sol;strong>The name of the copyright owner can vary&period; It can be the owner&&num;8217&semi;s full name&comma; an abbreviated version of the owner&&num;8217&semi;s name that people recognize&comma; or an alternate name that&&num;8217&semi;s commonly known to the general public &lpar;like a pen name&rpar;&period; It can also be a company&comma; business or organization&period;&NewLine;<p>Here&comma; the owner is Dex Media&colon;<&sol;li>&NewLine;<&sol;ol>&NewLine;<&sol;li>&NewLine;<&sol;ol>&NewLine;<p><img class&equals;"img-responsive" src&equals;"https&colon;&sol;&sol;www&period;disclaimergenerator&period;net&sol;copyright-notices&sol;dex-media-copyright-notice&period;jpg" alt&equals;"Dex Media's Copyright Notice" &sol;><&sol;p>&NewLine;<ol>&NewLine;<li><strong>Specific rights claimed<&sol;strong>At the end of a copyright notice&comma; you&&num;8217&semi;ll find a statement of rights&period; There are 3 ways that rights can be claimed&colon;&NewLine;<ul>&NewLine;<li style&equals;"list-style-type&colon; none&semi;">&NewLine;<ul>&NewLine;<li><strong>&&num;8220&semi;All Rights Reserved&&num;8221&semi;<&sol;strong> means that the copyright owner is claiming all of his legal rights under copyright law&period; If anyone wants to copy any portion of this work&comma; they&&num;8217&semi;ll have to contact the copyright owner first to get permission&period; This is the most commonly used rights statement in copyright notices&period;<&sol;li>&NewLine;<li><strong>&&num;8220&semi;Some Rights Reserved&&num;8221&semi;<&sol;strong> means that the copyright owner is claiming some of his rights&comma; but is willing to waive other rights&period; Those rights vary from owner to owner&period;Creative Commons is a great example of &&num;8220&semi;Some Rights Reserved&&num;8221&semi; because every creator who posts their work there can decide which rights they&&num;8217&semi;d like to hang onto&period;&NewLine;<p>For example&comma; one copyright owner may allow people to use his work as long as they attribute it to him&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>Other works on Creative Commons may come with more specific rules&comma; which can lead to a longer copyright notice&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>Take a look at the copyright notice for this slideshow presentation&colon;<&sol;li>&NewLine;<&sol;ul>&NewLine;<&sol;li>&NewLine;<&sol;ul>&NewLine;<p><img class&equals;"img-responsive" src&equals;"https&colon;&sol;&sol;www&period;disclaimergenerator&period;net&sol;copyright-notices&sol;slideshare-presentation-creative-commons-license-copyright-notice&period;jpg" alt&equals;"Copyright Notice for a Creative Commons license on a Slideshare presentation" &sol;><&sol;p>&NewLine;<ul>&NewLine;<li style&equals;"list-style-type&colon; none&semi;">&NewLine;<ul>&NewLine;<li><strong>&&num;8220&semi;No rights reserved&&num;8221&semi;<&sol;strong> means that the creator of the work isn&&num;8217&semi;t claiming any of his legal copyrights&period; Instead&comma; he&&num;8217&semi;s releasing his work into the public domain so that other people can use it&comma; modify it&comma; and enhance it&period;If you&&num;8217&semi;re searching for public domain works to use&comma; be on the lookout for this symbol&colon;<&sol;li>&NewLine;<&sol;ul>&NewLine;<&sol;li>&NewLine;<&sol;ul>&NewLine;<p><img class&equals;"img-responsive" src&equals;"https&colon;&sol;&sol;www&period;disclaimergenerator&period;net&sol;copyright-notices&sol;no-rights-reserved-c-copyright-symbol&period;jpg" alt&equals;"No Rights Reserved C copyright symbol" &sol;><&sol;li>&NewLine;<&sol;ol>&NewLine;<p><strong>By the time you&&num;8217&semi;re done&comma; you&&num;8217&semi;ll have something that looks like this<&sol;strong>&colon;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><img class&equals;"img-responsive" src&equals;"https&colon;&sol;&sol;www&period;disclaimergenerator&period;net&sol;copyright-notices&sol;copyright-notice-example&period;jpg" alt&equals;"Copyright notice example" &sol;><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>Or&comma; the next time you sit down with the kids to watch Pocahontas&comma; you&&num;8217&semi;ll see this&colon;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><img class&equals;"img-responsive" src&equals;"https&colon;&sol;&sol;www&period;disclaimergenerator&period;net&sol;copyright-notices&sol;copyright-notice-walt-disney-company&period;jpg" alt&equals;"Copyright notice for the Walt Disney Company" &sol;><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>Depending on your specific circumstances&comma; you could present these 4 things in several different ways&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>Here are some of the suggestions found on Plagiarism Today&colon;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><img class&equals;"img-responsive" src&equals;"https&colon;&sol;&sol;www&period;disclaimergenerator&period;net&sol;copyright-notices&sol;plagiarism-today-copyright-notice-examples-list&period;jpg" alt&equals;"Plagiarism Today copyright notice examples list" &sol;><&sol;p>&NewLine;<h2>Do you have to include a Copyright Notice on all intellectual property that you create&quest;<&sol;h2>&NewLine;<p><strong>The answer is no<&sol;strong>&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>In the US&comma; any work that is unpublished&comma; foreign&comma; or was published after March 1&comma; 1989&comma; including a copyright notice is optional&period; <strong>However&comma; it&&num;8217&semi;s still a good idea to have one and here&&num;8217&semi;s why<&sol;strong>&colon;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<ul>&NewLine;<li>It makes it crystal clear that you&&num;8217&semi;re asserting your legal rights as the copyright owner&comma; which can scare potential infringers away right off the bat&period;<&sol;li>&NewLine;<li>It makes it impossible for someone to go into court and claim they didn&&num;8217&semi;t know the work was copyrighted&period; This is commonly referred to as the &&num;8220&semi;Innocent Infringer&&num;8221&semi; defense&comma; and your copyright notice will prove that it&&num;8217&semi;s a bogus argument&period;<&sol;li>&NewLine;<li>It lists the exact person&sol;company that owns the copyright so that people who want to ask for your permission to use some of it know exactly who to ask&period;<&sol;li>&NewLine;<li>It shows exactly when the work was published&period;<&sol;li>&NewLine;<&sol;ul>&NewLine;<h2>Where should you put your Copyright Notice&quest;<&sol;h2>&NewLine;<p>Whether it&&num;8217&semi;s attached to a physical work&comma; a digital copy&comma; or a phonorecord&comma; your copyright notice needs to be placed in <strong>a spot that&&num;8217&semi;s conspicuous<&sol;strong>&period; After all&comma; if no one sees your copyright notice&comma; it doesn&&num;8217&semi;t provide nearly as many benefits&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>For example&comma; a copyright notice for a book should be placed right at the beginning&period; If you&&num;8217&semi;re selling a CD full of copyrighted music&comma; put the notice on the disk itself&period; Or&comma; if you&&num;8217&semi;re dealing with digital works &&num;8212&semi; like an app or software &&num;8212&semi; your copyright notice should pop up for a few seconds after the work is downloaded&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<h2>What happens when the Copyright Owner dies&quest;<&sol;h2>&NewLine;<p>According to US law&comma; copyright protection lasts for the author&&num;8217&semi;s entire life&comma; plus another 70 years&period; In fact&comma; a copyright is no different than any other asset&comma; so a copyright owner can pass down his protection to someone in his will&period; Transferring a copyright like this doesn&&num;8217&semi;t affect the rights associated with it at all&period; All of the same protection will exist for the new owner&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>Take a look at this example from a book written by Ayn Rand&period; In this case&comma; the copyright owner has become Leonard Peikoff&comma; the Executor of Rand&&num;8217&semi;s estate&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><img class&equals;"img-responsive" src&equals;"https&colon;&sol;&sol;www&period;disclaimergenerator&period;net&sol;copyright-notices&sol;copyright-notice-executor-estate-ayn-rand&period;jpg" alt&equals;"Copyright notice showing executor of Ayn Rand's estate as owner" &sol;><&sol;p>&NewLine;<h2>Can you transfer your work to another Copyright Owner while you&&num;8217&semi;re still alive&quest;<&sol;h2>&NewLine;<p><strong>Yes&comma; you can<&sol;strong>&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>For example&comma; take a look of this copyright notice that appears on Mark Twain&&num;8217&semi;s book&comma; <em>The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn<&sol;em>&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>You&&num;8217&semi;ll see that the original copyright owner was Samuel L&period; Clemens&comma; which was Mark Twain&&num;8217&semi;s real name&period; But then the copyright was transferred to the publishers Harper &amp&semi; Brothers&period; In 1912&comma; two years after Twain&&num;8217&semi;s death&comma; his daughter Clara Gabrilowitsch became the copyright owner&period; Even though Gabrilowitsch didn&&num;8217&semi;t die until 1962&comma; her copyrights were transferred to The Mark Twain Company in 1923&colon;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><img class&equals;"img-responsive" src&equals;"https&colon;&sol;&sol;www&period;disclaimergenerator&period;net&sol;copyright-notices&sol;copyright-notice-list-adventures-huckleberry-finn-book&period;jpg" alt&equals;"Copyright notice list for The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" &sol;><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>However&comma; as of 2018&comma; everything that Twain published before 1918 is part of the public domain&period; While you might think that applies to everything he ever wrote&comma; it doesn&&num;8217&semi;t&period; The University of California got ahold of some of Twain&&num;8217&semi;s unpublished works in the 1960&&num;8217&semi;s and published them with their own copyrights&comma; which are in full effect until 2047&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>Stories like these are proof that it&&num;8217&semi;s important to understand copyright details&excl;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<h2>What if someone disregards your Copyright Notice&quest;<&sol;h2>&NewLine;<p>In the eyes of US law&comma; that would qualify as <strong>copyright infringement<&sol;strong> &&num;8212&semi; which is a federal crime &&num;8212&semi; and the penalties can be severe&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>If you have already registered your copyright&comma; you can sue the infringing party in civil court&period; If you win&comma; the infringing party will have to pay you a judgement&period; The exact dollar amount depends on a few different things &&num;8212&semi; including how many profits you missed out on because of the infringement and how many times the infringement occurred&period; The infringing party can also be forced to pay your legal fees&period; And if all of that wasn&&num;8217&semi;t enough&comma; the court can impose statutory damages up to &dollar;150&comma;000 on top of the judgement&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>However&comma; the money you get will depend on when you registered your copyright&period; If you didn&&num;8217&semi;t get your registration within 3 months of the work being sold&comma; rented&comma; or loaned to anyone&comma; you may not eligible to collect statutory damages or legal fees&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>Civil court isn&&num;8217&semi;t your only chance to get justice&comma; though&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>Copyright infringers can face criminal charges&period; Typically&comma; federal prosecutors only charge people when the infringement is worth more than &dollar;1&comma;000&comma; or if the work in question was distributed over the internet before it was officially released&period; For example&comma; if you were producing a movie and someone published it online before your movie hit theaters&comma; they&&num;8217&semi;d likely be charged with a crime&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>For infringement cases up to &dollar;2&comma;500&comma; the maximum penalty is a year in jail&period; If the infringement is worth more than &dollar;2&comma;500&comma; the maximum penalty is 5 years in jail&comma; along with any assorted fines and&sol;or legal costs&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>The court also has the power to shut down a website that has infringed works on it&period; Or&comma; the infringing party can be ordered to destroy the illegal copies that they&&num;8217&semi;ve made&period;<&sol;p>&NewLine;<p><img class&equals;"img-responsive" src&equals;"https&colon;&sol;&sol;www&period;disclaimergenerator&period;net&sol;copyright-notices&sol;video-no-longer-available-copyright-claim-notice&period;jpg" alt&equals;"Notice that a video is no longer available due to a copyright claim" &sol;><&sol;p>&NewLine;<p>Copyright notices are serious business&comma; whether you&&num;8217&semi;re the owner of the copyright or someone who&&num;8217&semi;s interested in using some of the copyrighted information&period; Now that you know how these notices work and what kind of protection they offer&comma; you&&num;8217&semi;ll be able to create to your heart&&num;8217&semi;s content without worrying about stepping on any legal toes&excl;<&sol;p>&NewLine;

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